Polyethylene Glycol 400 | PEG-400
Category
Solvents
Polyethylene glycol 400, often referred to as PEG-400, is a synthetic polymer compound composed of a chain of ethylene glycol units. It is an odorless, clear, and slightly viscous substance produced by chemical synthesis from petroleum or natural gas derivatives. In cosmetics, this substance is used as a solvent, humectant, texture enhancer, and carrier of active ingredients. It helps emulsions maintain stability, gives the skin a soft feel, and facilitates the absorption of other ingredients. Due to its low molecular weight, PEG-400 is highly effective, even for sensitive skin. Although it is essentially a synthetic material, its widely applicable properties and safety in cosmetics make it a valuable ingredient.
Purpose and Benefits
Polyethylene glycol 400 has a unique ability to act as a skin moisture balance maintainer. It draws water into the skin, providing deep hydration and protecting against dryness. This is especially relevant in cold climates or dry rooms, where the skin tends to lose more moisture. This substance also helps to create a soft, velvety skin texture that can be felt immediately. It does not cause a feeling of heaviness or stickiness, making it ideal for lightweight formulas for everyday use. In addition, PEG-400 acts as a versatile solvent that helps to evenly distribute active ingredients in cosmetic products. This not only enhances the effectiveness of products, but also ensures that each ingredient reaches its goal. As a result, this compound is valued not only in skin care but also in hair care products. It helps to evenly coat hair strands, ensuring that conditioning or nourishing ingredients reach each hair. The result is smooth, manageable hair that shines with health. Another outstanding property of PEG-400 is its ability to act as an emulsifier. This means that it helps to combine oils and water, allowing for the creation of long-lasting, stable cosmetic formulas. This function ensures that products maintain their quality and effectiveness even after prolonged storage. In addition, this compound helps to make cosmetics easier to apply, evenly distributed and pleasant to the touch. A unique property of PEG-400 is its neutrality – this substance does not have a strong odor or color, so it is unchanged in various products where a subtle user experience is important. This allows the ingredient to be used even in luxurious, minimalist products that emphasize the purity and cleanliness of the formula.
Security Information
Polyethylene glycol 400 has a good safety reputation in the cosmetics industry. Studies show that it is generally well-tolerated and rarely causes allergic reactions or sensitivity. However, as with any other substance, there may be isolated cases where people experience irritation. It is important to note that it is a non-toxic ingredient, and most regulatory agencies, including the US Food and Drug Administration, consider it safe for use in cosmetic products. However, consumers are advised to perform a sensitivity test before using products containing this ingredient, especially if they have sensitive skin. When used properly, PEG-400 can provide stability, effectiveness, and an acceptable texture to cosmetic products.
Sustainability and Extraction
Nevertheless, when it comes to sustainability, Polyethylene Glycol 400 raises some questions. Since this ingredient is usually made from petroleum or natural gas derivatives, its production process contributes to supporting the fossil fuel industry, which is a major cause of climate change. Oil extraction and refining have a significant negative impact on the environment, from biodiversity loss to soil, water, and air pollution. In addition, PEG-400 is not biodegradable, which means that its residues can enter water bodies and pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems. From a social point of view, the production and supply chain of this compound often lacks sufficient transparency, making it unclear whether ethical working conditions are observed and whether workers’ rights are ensured. Although some manufacturers are pursuing sustainable alternatives, such as plant-based PEG, they are not yet widespread, and their production may require significant resources such as land or water. Thus, while Polyethylene Glycol 400 is functional and safe in the cosmetics industry, its sustainability aspects are still debated and require a more responsible approach from manufacturers and consumers.
Products
Polyethylene glycol 400 is found in a variety of skincare and hair product ranges. It is often used in facial moisturizers, serums, and eye creams where deep hydration and a light texture are needed. For example, Korean brands like Laneige, Cosrx, or Missha often include this ingredient in their moisturizing gels, intensive hydration creams, or toners for sensitive skin. In addition, in hair care products, this compound is used in shampoos and conditioners, giving hair softness and shine, as found in products such as Innisfree or Etude House hair lines. Lip balms and glosses may also contain this substance to ensure smooth glide and a feeling of comfort, especially popular in brands like TonyMoly.